Clinical features

• anticoagulants ^a
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ^a

• NSAIDs increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulcers and dying ^a (particularly if started within 6 weeks) ^a . Even low-dose aspirin has a risk. ^a

NSAIDs increase the risk of upper GI bleeding, peptic ulcers or death

Patient	Prognostic Factor	Outcome	CER	RR (95% CI)	NNF+ (95% CI)
well a	on NSAIDs independent	upper GI bleeding, peptic ulcers or death	0.065%	2.0 (1.2 to 3.2)	1500 (700 to 7700)

Newly-started NSAIDs increase the risk of GI haemorrhage or perforation

Patient	Prognostic Factor	Outcome	CER	OR (95% CI)	NNF+ (95% CI)
requiring analgesia a	newly started NSAIDs independent	GI haemorrhage or perforation at 6-7 weeks	0.065%	2.48 (1.87 to 3.29)	1000 (670 to 1800)