Clinical features

• previous peptic ulcers ^b and any previous peptic ulcer surgery ^b
• H. pylori infection ^b
• alcohol-related disorders ^b
• liver cirrhosis, oesophageal varices or portal vein thrombosis ^{a b}
• renal failure ^a
• disseminated malignancy ^a
• heart disease and heart failure ^a

• Co-morbidity (particularly liver failure, renal failure or disseminated malignancy) increases the risk of rebleeding or dying (see prognosis for Rockall score) ^a
• H. pylori infection is common in patients who have had peptic ulcer surgery. 50% of patients with a partial gastrectomy (95% CI: 46% to 54%), and 83% of patients with a vagotomy (95% CI: 80% to 86%) are infected. ^b

Peptic ulcer disease, alcohol abuse, liver disease and H. pylori infection increases the risk of upper GI bleeding

Patient	Prognostic Factor	Outcome	CER	OR (95% CI)	NNF+ (95% CI)
well b	history of a peptic ulcer independent	bleeding peptic ulcer at 19 months	0.13%	6.5 (4.4 to 9.7)	140 (88 to 220)
	alcohol-related diagnosis independent			4.1 (2.3 to 7.5)	250 (120 to 590)
	liver cirrhosis, oesophageal varices or portal vein thrombosis independent			4.1 (2.2 to 7.6)	250 (120 to 630)
on ICU for 2 or more days b	H. pylori infection independent	upper GI bleed at uncertain duration	8.7%	1.92	15