Causes Clinical features Investigations Therapy Prognosis

Causes Common causes of pleural effusions include b c   transudates congestive heart failure  liver cirrhosis  nephrotic syndrome  hypoalbuminaemia    exudates    malignant effusions  parapneumonic effusions  tuberculosis  pulmonary embolism

Expiry date: July 2003
Levels of Evidence used in grading these guides