Prevalence Causes Clinical features Investigations Therapy Prognosis

Causes Common causes include c   essential hypertension renovascular disease diabetic nephropathy neurogenic disease phaeochromocytoma Other causes include  primary hyperaldosteronism ingestion of sympathomimetics (e.g. cocaine, amphetamine, LSD, phencyclidine) collagen-vascular disease pre-eclampsia spinal cord syndromes

Expiry date: September 2004
Levels of Evidence used in grading these guides