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Congestive heart failure

Prevalence
Causes
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Therapy
Prevention
Prognosis
Prognosis

Patients are at increased risk of dying with   
  • a reduced serum sodium level b  

Why?

A low serum sodium increases the risk of dying

Patient Prognostic Factor Outcome CER RR
(95% CI)		 NNF+
(95% CI)
severe heart failure b decrease in serum sodium (by 3 mmol/l) independent    death
at 15 months 		12% 1.42
(1.08 to 1.87)		 19 (9 to 100)
 

 

Expiry date: June 2003
Levels of Evidence used in grading these guides

Author   CM   Ball
Reviewer   B   Lee
CAT Writers   CM   Ball , CJ   Wotton , A   Yates