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Prevalence Causes Clinical features Differential diagnosis Investigations Therapy Prevention Prognosis

Clinical features Ask about coronary artery disease, particularly a previous myocardial infarction b   previous episodes of congestive heart failure a   orthopnoea b dyspnoea on exertion b   current medication and alcohol use d Look for tachycardia b   hypotension or hypertension b   dyspnoea b   crackles on chest examination b   oedema b   an elevated jugular venous pressure b       an abnormal abdominojugular reflex b      an abnormal apical pulse a b   a third heart sound b   a gallop rhythm b   Listen for heart murmurs evidence of aortic stenosis b   listen for a reduced or absent second heart sound, or a fourth heart sound listen for a murmur loudest in late systole and radiating to the right carotid evidence of mitral regurgitation b   listen for a late or pansystolic murmur in the mitral area listen for any increase on transient arterial occlusion. evidence of aortic regurgitation a decrescendo early diastolic murmur a   a Flint murmur (low-pitched late diastolic apical murmur) c listen for any increase on transient arterial occlusion c

Expiry date: June 2003
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