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Prevalence Causes Clinical features Differential diagnosis Investigations Therapy Prevention Prognosis

Causes Think about a cause. These include d fluid overload excess iv fluids renal failure pump failure myocardial infarction valvular heart disease arrhythmias pulmonary embolism myocarditis, constrictive pericarditis atrial myxoma hypertensive crisis drugs and toxins failure to take medication: digitalis, diuretics NSAIDs, beta-blockers, tricyclics alcohol thiamine deficiency increased metabolic demands fever anaemia hyperthyroidism pregnancy

Expiry date: June 2003
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