Therapy

• acute coronary syndrome
• aortic dissection
• bradyarrhythmias
• myocardial infarction
• pulmonary embolism
• tachyarrhythmias

There is no clear benefit from prophylactic lidocaine ^d

Consider trying the following for patients with chest pain who continue to have symptoms, but have had cardiac disease excluded:

• a proton-pump inhibitor  ^a
• imipramine  ^a
• cognitive-behavioural therapy  ^a