Prevalence
Causes
Clinical
features
Investigations
Therapy
Prevention
Prognosis
|  | | | Investigations |
Perform a urine dipstick, and look for
-
protein b
-
leucocytes
b
-
haemoglobin
b
Why?
Urine dipstick for leukocytes can help rule in the presence of leukocytes in the urine
| Patient |
Target Disorder and
Reference Standard |
Diagnostic Test |
LR+
(95% CI)
|
Post-test Probability |
in-patients or out-patients providing MSU
b
(pre-test probability: 24%)
|
leucocytes in urine
(> 5 leucocytes per high power view on urine microscopy)
|
urine dipstick leucocytes: large
|
14
(8.8 to
22)
|
81% |
|
|
|
moderate
|
9.0
(6.5 to
12)
|
74% |
|
|
|
small
|
2.6
(2.1 to
3.1)
|
45% |
|
|
|
trace
|
0.91
(0.75 to
1.1)
|
22% |
|
|
|
negative
|
0.20
(0.16 to
0.25)
|
6% |
|
|
|
totally clear dipstick
|
0.053
(0.024 to
0.11)
|
1% |
Urine dipstick for occult blood can help rule in the presence of blood in the urine
| Patient |
Target Disorder and
Reference Standard |
Diagnostic Test |
LR+
(95% CI)
|
Post-test Probability |
in-patients or out-patients providing MSU
b
(pre-test probability: 11%)
|
blood in urine
(> 5 erythrocytes per high power view on urine microscopy)
|
urine dipstick blood: large
|
34
(22 to
54)
|
81% |
|
|
|
moderate
|
9.0
(6.2 to
13)
|
53% |
|
|
|
small
|
2.1
(1.6 to
2.9)
|
21% |
|
|
|
trace
|
0.89
(0.65 to
1.2)
|
10% |
|
|
|
negative
|
0.18
(0.13 to
0.25)
|
2% |
|
|
|
totally clear dipstick
|
0.13
(0.057 to
0.28)
|
1% |
Absence of blood or protein on urine dipstick makes glomerular disease less likely
| Patient |
Target Disorder and
Reference Standard |
Diagnostic Test |
LR+
(95% CI)
|
Post-test Probability |
LR-
(95% CI)
|
Post-test Probability |
undergoing renal biopsy
b
(pre-test probability: 3%)
|
glomerular disease
(
renal biopsy
)
|
blood on dipstick
|
2.7
(1.6 to
4.5)
|
8% |
0.16
(0.067 to
0.38)
|
0.5% |
|
|
|
protein ≥2+ on dipstick
|
1.9
(1.2 to
2.9)
|
6% |
0.34
(0.17 to
0.66)
|
1% |
|
internal medicine