Prevalence Causes Clinical features Investigations Therapy Prevention Prognosis

Clinical features Ask about d previous systemic disease: diabetes, vascular disease known renal disease, previous renal function tests recent systemic disturbances: MI, GI bleeding, major surgery medication: ACE inhibitors, aminoglycosides, radiocontrast, other antibiotics Look for evidence of d volume contraction sunken eyes b dry axillae b dry nose or mouth mucous membranes b longitudinal tongue furrows b a low jugular venous pressure a volume overload  a high jugular venous pressure a pulmonary oedema or peripheral oedema d outflow obstruction infection joint or skin problems

Expiry date: July 2003
Levels of Evidence used in grading these guides