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Diagnosis Harm/ aetiology Prognosis Therapy

Acute renal failure urinalysis and cytodiagnostic microscopy may help diagnose glomerular and interstitial renal disease. Level of evidence 2b Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure fractional excretion of sodium was useful in the diagnosis of prerenal azotaemia in selected patients. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date July 2001 Acute renal failure renal biopsy: crescentic glomerulonephritis and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis were common. Level of evidence 2c Expiry Date July 2001 Aortic dissection chest x-ray: look for widening of the aortic knob, mediastinum or descending aorta. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date December 2001 Aortic dissection many patients had hypertension and pain. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date December 2001 Aortic dissection the commonest findings were hypertension and pain. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date December 2001 Aortic dissection chest pain and history of hypertension were common. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date December 2001 Hypertension biochemical tests could help rule out secondary causes. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date Unknown Month 2002 Hypertension listening for abdominal bruits was sometimes helpful for diagnosis. Level of evidence 2a Expiry Date December 2003 Hypertension primary hyperaldosteronism can be ruled out using biochemical tests Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date October 2003 Hypertension absence of the triad of headaches, palpitations and sweating attacks made phaeochromocytoma unlikely Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date October 2003 Hypertension primary aldosteronism could rarely occur without hypokalaemia Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date October 2002 Hypertension biochemical tests could help rule it out. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date August 2003 Severe hypertension some symptoms make end-organ damage more likely. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date Unknown Month 2001