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Diagnosis Harm/ aetiology Prognosis Therapy

Acute renal failure renal biopsy was useful and relatively safe in selected patients. Level of evidence 2c Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure CT and ultrasound could help diagnose hydronephrosis. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date April 2005 Acute renal failure urinalysis and cytodiagnostic microscopy may help diagnose glomerular and interstitial renal disease. Level of evidence 2b Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure fractional excretion of sodium was useful in the diagnosis of prerenal azotaemia in selected patients. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure urine tests may help differentiate renal failure causes. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure acute interstitial nephritis: urinary eosinophils helped to diagnose. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure acute interstitial nephritis: few urinary eosinophils made it less likely. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure urinary indices were useful in distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic renal failure. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure renal biopsy: crescentic glomerulonephritis and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis were common. Level of evidence 2c Expiry Date July 2003 Acute renal failure renal biopsy: necrotising vasculitis, crescentic glomerulonephritis and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis accounted for half of diagnoses. Level of evidence 2b Expiry Date April 2003 Acute renal failure urea:creatinine ratio was not very helpful in diagnosing prerenal failure. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date August 2003 Acute renal failure renal biopsy led to changes in management. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date July 2003 Central venous pressure jugular venous pressure is somewhat helpful. Level of evidence 1a Expiry Date July 2002 Hypovolaemia non-blood loss: sunken eyes, dry axillae and mucous membranes made it more likely. Level of evidence 2a Expiry Date October 2003 Urine analysis urine dipsticks ruled out blood and leukocytes when completely negative. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date February 2003