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Diagnosis Harm/ aetiology Prognosis Therapy

Anaemia guaiac occult blood test and faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin were not very helpful in diagnosing GI bleeding. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date June 2003 Anaemia cobalamin deficiency: methylmalonic acid was minimally incrementally useful. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date December 2003 Anaemia conjunctival pallor helped diagnose anaemia. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date June 2003 Anaemia facial, conjunctival and palmar pallor were helpful in diagnosing. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date June 2003 Anaemia clinical examination was not very helpful. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date June 2003 Anaemia cobalamin deficiency: methylmalonic acid was minimally incrementally useful. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date December 2003 Anaemia iron-deficiency: liver cirrhosis: ferritin was a useful test. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date December 2002 Anaemia cobalamin deficiency: a positive serum cobalamin assay did not diagnose. Level of evidence 2b Expiry Date June 2003 Anaemia cobalamin deficiency: methylmalonic acid helped diagnose or exclude it. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date June 2003 Anaemia intrinsic factor antibodies diagnosed pernicious anaemia. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date June 2003 Anaemia serum ferritin is the best test for diagnosing or excluding iron deficiency anaemia. Level of evidence 1a Expiry Date October 2002 Anaemia ferritin and mean cell volume helped diagnose iron-deficiency anaemia in elderly patients. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date October 2002 Anaemia mean cell volume and red cell distribution width helped diagnose anaemia cause. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date June 2002 Anaemia iron-deficiency: lack of symptoms did not exclude upper and lower GI disease in elderly patients - further investigations were required. Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date October 2002 Anaemia iron-deficiency: investigations in elderly patients helped management Level of evidence 4 Expiry Date October 2002 Hypovolaemia absence of postural change in vital signs did not exclude moderate blood loss. Level of evidence 2a Expiry Date October 2002