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Diagnosis Economics Harm/ aetiology Prognosis Therapy Anticoagulation Cardioversion Rate control Maintenance

Atrial fibrillation rhythm control does not clearly improve symptoms and increases hospital admissions and adverse effects compared with rate control Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date  November 2003 Atrial fibrillation calcium-channel blocker, beta-blockers and digoxin can control the ventricular rate Level of evidence 1a Expiry Date November 2003 Atrial fibrillation diltiazem slowed the ventricular rate. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date November 2003 Atrial fibrillation verapamil slowed the ventricular rate. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date November 2003 Atrial fibrillation acute: clonidine reduced ventricular rate. Level of evidence 2b Expiry Date November 2003 Atrial fibrillation acute: digoxin slowed the heart rate without cardioversion. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date November 2003 Atrial fibrillation acute: esmolol and verapamil lowered ventricular rate. Level of evidence 1b- Expiry Date November 2003 Atrial fibrillation new-onset: digoxin was not clearly better than placebo. Level of evidence 1b- Expiry Date November 2003 Tachycardia verapamil had no clear effect on conversion to sinus rhythm. Level of evidence 1b- Expiry Date October 2003 Tachycardia delivery of digoxin had no clear effect on conversion to sinus rhythm. Level of evidence 1b Expiry Date October 2003